This technology enables the characterization and separation of cells or particles suspended in fluid using size (forward scatter), complexity (side scatter), viability, and fluorescence.

Using lasers, this microscopy approach allows high optical resolution by acquiring fluorescent images through a spatial pinhole. Multiple images can be captured in two dimensions and then reconstructed to provide three-dimensional structures of a tissue section or cells.

Time-lapse microscopy of live cells provides investigators with an opportunity to evaluate biological responses (e.g., migration, generation of reactive oxygen species, apoptosis, ) in a spatiotemporal manner.

Multiple options are available for CEED investigators to capture spatial distribution of cells or molecular markers within tissue sections following staining with traditional  histology  stains  (i.e.,  H&E  sections)  or fluorescent markers (i.e., targeted antibodies). Available software is then used for quantification.

Metabolic activity and ATP production have emerged as central not only to phenotypic and functional activation of immune cells responding to injury and infection, but also to epithelial cells and cancer cells.

Cellular responses to a toxicant are rarely homogenous. Traditional protein-based quantification methods fail to capture this heterogeneity within a population.